Ronald Waring, The War in Angola 1961, First Edition

The Angolan War of Independence (1961–1974), known as the Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional (“Armed Struggle of National Liberation”) in Angola, began as an uprising against forced cultivation of cotton and evolved into a multi-faction struggle for control of Portugal’s overseas province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. The war ended when a leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal’s Estado Novo dictatorship and the new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies, declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay.